{"id":15274,"date":"2025-04-15T04:05:54","date_gmt":"2025-04-15T04:05:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/aucometoi.com\/?p=15274"},"modified":"2025-04-13T04:12:10","modified_gmt":"2025-04-13T04:12:10","slug":"b-f-skinner-hoc-hanh-vi-qua-hinh-phat-va-hau-qua","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/aucometoi.com\/en\/b-f-skinner-hoc-hanh-vi-qua-hinh-phat-va-hau-qua\/","title":{"rendered":"B.F. Skinner: H\u1ecdc H\u00e0nh Vi Qua H\u00ecnh Ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 H\u1eadu Qu\u1ea3"},"content":{"rendered":"

B.F. Skinner l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng xoay quanh vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. Theo Skinner, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc hay b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea3y ra sau m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

Skinner \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng” (operant conditioning), trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Khi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111i.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u2014<\/p>\n

B.F. Skinner, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t.<\/h5>\n

Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Skinner, “h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c hay ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cao l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00e1nh t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3.<\/h5>\n

Qua vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 “h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi”, Skinner \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1, gi\u00fap t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a B.F. Skinner kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf “h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi” mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u2014<\/p>\n

B.F. Skinner, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi th\u00f4ng qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3.<\/h5>\n

\u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea3y ra sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Theo Skinner, khi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo sau b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ecb theo sau b\u1edfi h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00f3 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hay hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi qua h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 Skinner \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/h5>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y con c\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c la m\u1eafng khi tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc, nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ebb em ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd ngoan ngo\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 la m\u1eafng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb k\u00ecm n\u00e9n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/h5>\n

Tr\u1ebb em c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

\"Khi
Khi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb k\u00ecm n\u00e9n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh n\u00ean c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u con c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh, cha m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u01a1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap con ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

\u2014<\/h5>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ho\u1eb7c xung \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb k\u00ecm n\u00e9n trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Khi ch\u00fang ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00e8 n\u00e9n ho\u1eb7c ph\u1edbt l\u1edd nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngay khi ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t sinh.<\/h5>\n

Thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c t\u00edch t\u1ee5 v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n sau n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

\u2014<\/p>\n

Trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch “Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc,” t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1ng suy ng\u1eabm v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7.<\/h5>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7, thay v\u00ec t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch k\u1ec3 \u0111i k\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1eb9 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi qua m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 an \u1ee7i t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n y\u00eau, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Thay v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, vi\u1ec7c l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111au bu\u1ed3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ebf t\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Qua tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/h5>\n

Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Khi xem x\u00e9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u1edf tr\u1ebb, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a giao ti\u1ebfp trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00ecm n\u00e9n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu l\u1eafng nghe t\u1eeb ph\u00eda cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p khi c\u00f4 c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf, m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f4 mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, m\u1eb9 c\u00f4 l\u1ea1i ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c ph\u1edbt l\u1edd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 tin c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft s\u1eb9o c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u00f3 l\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 giao ti\u1ebfp m\u1edf v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tr\u1ebb b\u00e0y t\u1ecf suy ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh.<\/h5>\n

Khi cha m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i, h\u1ecd v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ebb c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng th\u1ea5p, lo \u00e2u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Cha m\u1eb9 n\u00ean h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch l\u1eafng nghe m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con c\u00e1i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y an to\u00e0n khi b\u00e0y t\u1ecf b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

\u2014<\/h5>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i t\u1eeb cha m\u1eb9.<\/p>\n

Khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c ph\u1edbt l\u1edd khi b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft s\u1eb9o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac s\u00e2u s\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 k\u00ecm n\u00e9n trong giao ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c sau n\u00e0y.<\/h5>\n

H\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eeb cha m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3i qua.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu cha m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t suy ngh\u0129 ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn tr\u1ebb c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean e d\u00e8 trong vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cho tr\u1ebb. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb cha m\u1eb9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B.F. Skinner l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng xoay quanh vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. Theo Skinner, h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc hay b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea3y ra sau m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Skinner \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng” (operant conditioning), trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c. Khi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. \u2014 B.F. Skinner, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh vi, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3nh th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t. Trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Skinner, “h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp thu ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c hay ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cao l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00e1nh t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3. Qua vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ec1 “h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi”, Skinner \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n cho gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1, gi\u00fap t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a B.F. Skinner kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u1edf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf “h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi” mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p. \u2014 B.F. Skinner, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi th\u00f4ng qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea3y ra sau \u0111\u00f3. Theo Skinner, khi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo sau b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n s\u1ebd t\u0103ng l\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ecb theo sau b\u1edfi h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00f3 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh vi. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hay hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi qua h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 Skinner \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y con c\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea1t ho\u1eb7c la m\u1eafng khi tr\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb. Khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc, nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ebb em ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 v\u1edd ngoan ngo\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb ph\u1ea1t v\u00e0 la m\u1eafng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3. Khi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb k\u00ecm n\u00e9n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Tr\u1ebb em c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00e2m l\u00fd<\/p>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-15274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-toddlers"],"yoast_head":"\nB.F. 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